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Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96)
The Zeitun Rebellion or Second Zeitun Resistance ((アルメニア語:Զեյթունի երկրորդ գոյամարտը), ''Zeyt'uni yerkrord goyamartĕ'') took place in the winter of 1895–1896, during the Hamidian massacres, when the Armenians of Zeitun (modern Süleymanlı), fearing the prospect of massacre, took up arms to defend themselves from Ottoman troops.〔Hovannisian, Richard G. "The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1914" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century''. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 223. ISBN 0-312-10168-6.〕
==Background==
The Armenians of Zeitun had historically enjoyed a period of high autonomy in the Ottoman Empire until the nineteenth century. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the central government decided to bring this region of the empire under tighter control and attempted to do this by settling Muslims in the villages around Zeitun.〔Barsoumian, Hagop. "The Eastern Question and the Tanzimat Era" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II'', p. 200.〕 This strategy ultimately proved ineffective and in the summer of 1862 the Ottomans sent a military contingent of 12,000 men to Zeitun to reassert government control. The force, however, was held at bay by the Armenians and, through French mediation, the first Zeitun resistance was brought to a close.〔 Langlois, Victor, "Les Arméniens de la Turquie et les massacres du Taurus," ''Revue des Deux Mondes'' 43 (January-February 1863).〕〔See Vaspur Meliksetyan, ''Զեյթունի 1862 թվականի դյուցազնամարտը՝ 100-ամյակի առթիվ'' (Epic 1862 Battle of Zeitun: On the Occasion of its 100 Anniversary ). Yerevan: Society of the Armenian SSR for the Expansion of Civil and Scientific Knowledge, 1962.〕
The Ottoman government was nevertheless upset with the results of the mediation. In the following decades, it once more resolved to bring the area under control by provoking Zeitun's Armenians: newly stationed government troops harassed the population and frequent calls for their massacre were issued by a number of Turks. Between the years 1891 and 1895, activists from the Armenian Social Democrat Hunchakian Party visited Cilicia and established a new branch in Zeitun and encouraged the Armenians to resist the oppressive measures of the Ottoman government. It was also at this time that the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, decided finally to eliminate one of the only strongholds of Armenian autonomy during the Armenian massacres of 1895–1896.〔
As the governor of the province was removed and replaced by Avni Bey, a man who held a deep-seated hatred for Armenians, orders were given on October 24, 1895, by Ottoman authorities to use the troops to begin razing several of the Armenians villages near Zeitun.〔Dadrian. ''History of the Armenian Genocide'', pp. 127-28.〕
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